This is critical for a couple of reason. so, if you have a rainfall event with the maximum intensity occurred from 25 to 23 day before the landslide and then you have another event that occurred immediately before the landslide (with a lower intensity), you consider the first one? 
L182-182: there are some recent examples in the rainfall threshold literature that advise against using mean intensity and duration when calculating thresholds, because the two variables are dependent on each other, as you explained here. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3508-4. The relations between landslide potential level, degree of land disturbance, and the ratio of number and area of landslide increment corresponding six heavy rainfall events are positive and the determination coefficients of trend lines are 0.82 and 0.72, respectively. Under the same slope disturbance, the greater the EAR, the more the area increment of secondary landslide. Using observational records, we present the first comprehensive analysis of regional intensity-duration (ID) threshold curves for the western Himalayas, one of the hotspots of landslides. That would mean implying that the rainfall event at day 35 was not responsible for the landslide 5d after (the one happening on day 40) but was for the one happening at day 50. They expand/gap-fill the rainfall record from 6 rainfall gaging stations spread across the regions considered by using the Regularized Expectation Maximization method. However, such curves are not thresholds. However, looking at table 1, I see a lot of differences in the annual and seasonal average rainfall. However, very few studies have explored precipitation-induced landslide susceptibility of the Himalayan region due to observational constraints. This study attempts to fill the gaps in the literature by developing a power-law relationship between the maximum rainfall intensity that potentially triggers landslides and the corresponding event duration of selected hotspot locations across the Western Himalayan Region (hereafter WHR) that are highly susceptible to landslides. The relation between the average of EAR and the area of landslide increment corresponding five heavy rainfall events (excluding Morakot) is positive and the determination coefficient of trend line is 0.98. Please provide a reason why you see this comment as being abusive. How was missing data dealt with over that timeframe? For this reason, it is preferable to define ED thresholds, in which the two variables measure independent quantities (see e.g. not to mention a distance of 100 km! A multivariate hazards evaluation method was applied to quantitatively analyze the weights of various natural environmental and slope development hazard factors. (2013), looked at debris flow and showed that. Status: final response (author comments only). How are they computed? This is crucial for threshold calculation.L287-288: That's fine. This work is distributed under. So please avoid confusion.L235: Again about figure 7, the six stations are localized all in the southern part of the states. endobj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> 
Based on Figure 9, it looks like there are landslides every day. this has not physical justification.L179-180: usually the exponent of an ID threshold is negative because the intensity becomes lower with higher duration, as you can see from several papers dealing with it. Furthermore, do the author make sure the same landslide do not get assigned to multiple gages (its hard to tell from the figures, but it seems they could be less than 200km apart). unless you used gridded data for the whole area. Does it use the gridded product? Leonarduzzi, E. and Molnar, P.: Deriving rainfall thresholds for landsliding at the regional scale: daily and hourly resolutions, normalisation, and antecedent rainfall, Nat. The scalebar in Figure 1 and 6 is deceiving. The study areas in this research are Baolai and Jianshan villages in the watershed of the Laonongxi River Basin in the Southern Taiwan. Furthermore, this study established a slope landslide potential assessment model and depicted a slope landslide potential diagram by using the GIS platform. %PDF-1.5 The results are presented and discussed by means of some figures that could be improved. I would suggest a rewording of the section.L146: If I have understood well, you considered a rainfall event a series of rainfall measurements equal or greater than 1mm, regardless of the duration. I would use only one decimal place when referring to rainfall, unless you know there is this high measurement accuracy.Figure 1. Using observational records, we present the first comprehensive analysis of regional All site content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under the, Agricultural and Food engineering department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur India. The donut charts could be moved in figure 6 (perhaps in a new panel with the map with the landslide types). The authors refer to daily data, report values for daily durations (in the intensity-duration plots), but then use intensities in mm/h. Second, previous studies already showed that its typically not the strongest intensity that triggers landslides. Finally, please describe the acronym AAR in the caption.Figure 10. 1 0 obj Our observational assessment suggests around 28 % of landslides events are followed by within a week of occurrence of triggering rain events. Nat Hazards 95, 883890 (2019). Landslides 10, 547562 (2013). Nat Hazards 100, 655670 (2020). The Himalayan region is vulnerable to landslides due to its fragile lithology, steep slopes, geology, rainfall patterns, and high topographical roughness. At the end, only Dehrandun and Banihal have a sufficient amount of data. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03830-x)L188-190: I would suggest adding some details on the methods used for regionalization.L194: How we can see that the region 1 is related to Banihal from figure 3?L203-204: The seasonal rainfall variability across the gauged sites shows the occurrence of peak rainfall during the monsoon season for most of the locations except Banihal. endobj Based on this Figure, youd be better off just saying whenever it rains between June-July-August-September, expect a landslide. A combination of the two? 1I}M8E6qwwS+6[YL$yS;W,Y&hFC
Lg The legend could be placed inside the map.Figure 7. What is the temporal resolution of rainfall? (or is it just me), Smithsonian Privacy It's a difference of 15 years, so it is worth mentioning it. The authors decide to use a maximum intensity-duration threshold. The work aims at defining the triggering conditions, expressed by rainfall thresholds, of rainfall-induced landslides in the Western Himalayan Region, using landslide data from a global catalog and rainfall data from six stations, and gridded data. Some methodological points are reported in the result and discussion section. And how is the rainfall patterns analysis done? Further, we show an increase in rainfall in recent decades (200716) over low elevated areas of the WHR compared to the long-term climatology (19882006), revealing intensification of rain events, which could amplify landslide occurrence. I think so. the percentage of missing data in the time span of each station.L144: this paragraph is not clear at all. 3, one can obtain very low values of intensity as threshold values. So I think it's a bit difficult to extrapolate the rainfall maps for all the norther, mountainous parts. please add this informationL169: this can be reasonable if the landslides are deep-seated; in case of shallow landslides it seems a very long period. I would suggest removing the landslides and the donut charts from panel b, for allowing comparison among (a) and (b). however, I still think that the problem lies in the method for the definition of landslide-triggering rainfall events.L316: only one station have this 51-year operational period. the Kendal rank correlation coefficient (https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/30.1-2.81) or the Pearson or the Nash-Sutcliffe (1970) coefficient.L218: actually, you didn't identify these landslide events. It can be reconsidered after major revisions. Conversely, in the case of thresholds defined using cumulated rainfall and duration (ED), the two variables are not dependent on each other. They then analyze changes in rainfall between 1988-2006 and 2007-2016 and then use the landslide recorded between 2007 and 2016 to define maximum intensity-duration thresholds. 10 0 obj Under the different rainfall, the greater the average of EAR, the more the landslide occurrence and area increments. what do small, medium, large, and very large mean?L244-245: what were the results of this Wilcoxon rank-sum test?L257: you write little to no improvement. I would suggest removing the landslides and the donut charts from panel b, for allowing comparison among (a) and (b). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-012-0341-9. The North arrow and the scalebar could be placed within the map with the indication of the rain gauges.Figure 3b. it starts talking about triggering rainfall events that cause landslides, it continues talking about weighted average rainfall and it ends talking about thresholds not better specified. Marra, F. Rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence: systematic underestimation using coarse temporal resolution data. Actually, it seems there's a downgrade e.g. Sci., 20, 29052919, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2905-2020, 2020. I would leave only the names of the stations and remove the codes. Line 19: I would not say "long-term climatology"L31-31: these numbers deserve a referenceL49: the paper Gariano & Guzzetti 2016 does not deal with probabilistic approaches in rainfall thresholdsL51: It is worth mentioning also the frequentist method (Brunetti et al. and for which period? Why didnt they use other methods available from literature? 3%sk{si^y ukQ`a{M nb&k?7DWw>Q,gBE"IXk!:LTf:s. s-dt'';6Y1-l}_wuSS?96;xN7cg|{Z[nl;/_-( L5D*/U*a"U)^|xTdgRg01%ez?LV(;mW
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"fVljC ;rkXgq!VI;3,"0-9 ) Among several factors responsible for slope instability, rainfall is one of the significant drivers that cause a maximum number of landslides. I can't follow what the authors want to describe. Unfortunately, it has severe methodological issues which do not allow its acceptance in the present form. If yes, why are the authors then using daily sums which could lead to underestimation of the threshold (e.g., Marra et al., 2019, Gariano et al., 2020, Leonarduzzi et al., 2020)? https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03830-x. You used a global catalog.L220: If you could not identify any landslides in the period 1988-2006, I would not use rainfall data before 2007 I the aim of the work is to study the "predictability of rainfall-induced landslides" as stated in the title.L222: I would not say around 2010-2013. endobj If it's so, how did you handle this issue?L155-156: this sentence is not clear to me.L167: don't you think that a distance of 50 km between the landslides and the rainfall is too much for associate a rainfall event to a landslide?
what's the temporal range? 11 0 obj In my opinion, the manuscript does not meet the standards for being considered for publication. L98: for which locations are the gridded daily rainfall obtained? Perhaps a clarification would be useful.L212: Actually, I don't see this strong synchronicity. This study focused on the 3 years after Typhoon Morakot (2009 to 2011). I would suggest coloring in blue the bars of monthly precipitation to be in agreement with the scale label. The interaction between (secondary) landslide mechanism, scale, and location was analyzed using association analysis of landslide historical data and regional environmental characteristics. 4 0 obj Is the spatial variability in rainfall such that 100km can be considered more or less homogeneous, especially in the case of convective events? but this is not specified in the data section.L240: you write about an increase but you don't have landslide data for the previous period.L241: how these landslide sizes were determined? 9 0 obj Do you have information on the depth of the landslides?L172: considering the triggering rain event as the one that produces the maximum rain intensity at most 30 days before the landslide is highly questionable. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> However, after rehabilitation they still face the risk of secondary sediment disasters. Now, there is no expectation of a dependency between max intensity and duration, if not only that has events become longer (and/or possibly that short events, if they are convective, they have stronger intensities, but this would depend a lot on the local climatology). This is a very high difference, in particular comparing to the Katra station which is located 50 km far from Banihal and with an elevation difference of about 800 m. This deserves a better explanation. 13 0 obj the same of the stations or for the entire areas of the considered states? 2010), which seems to be the most adopted method worldwide, with applications also in the Himalyan Area: e.g. endobj Please add justification. Notice, Smithsonian Terms of I would add the name of the sites in the plot, for a better understanding.Figure 5. The North arrow and the scalebar could be placed within the map. Due to Taiwan's steep terrain, rainfall-induced landslides often occur and lead to human causalities and properties loss. Moreover, the stations Joshimath and Katra have very few data, so I would remove them from the analyses. While the triggering events, I assume, are the rainfall of the gage closest to the rain-gage, what are the triggering events? First, there is no justification for the selection of 30d and it seems unrealistic that a certain rainfall event could trigger a landslide 20 or so days after. what the temporal and spatial accuracy and so on.L104: how many gaps are present in each rainfall series? <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> This should be better justified.L269-270: Something strange in Figure 9, in my opinion. 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169415007696)It would be interesting to know what's the mean distance between stations and landslides considered in this study. The author used a power law fit to find the threshold (can that even be called a threshold if its defined to best fit the triggering events?). You could identify as triggering for landslide 40d the rainfall event at day 15. endobj This is just a practical example of how the methodology could fail. 2007 in panel b)? <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> Therefore, this study assesses rainfall-induced (secondary) landslide potential and spatial distribution in watershed of Southern Taiwan under extreme climate change. endobj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> In my opinion, there are major issues in the methodology which need to be address and improved before publication. By making some calculations using eq. Again, usually the triggering events are the ones that can be linked to the landslides, so most often are the ones immediately before the landslides.L275-276: this sentence is not clear.L277: this overlap among triggering and non-triggering events can be due to the fact that the selection of the triggering events was made - in my opinion - in a wrong way.L279: this intensity value is a bit strange. The paper is well written but could benefit from clarifications and better explanations of some of the steps. Do you think that such a low intensity is able to trigger a landslide in the area? The genetic adaptive neural network, texture analysis and GIS were implemented in the analysis techniques for the interpretation of satellite images and to obtain surface information and hazard log data and to analyze land use change. endobj They are best-fit curves of the point distribution. The authors consider for each gage the landslides within a 100km radius. You can find information in these literature reviews: 1) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-007-0262-7 ; 2) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-007-0112-1 ; 3) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10346-018-0966-4 .L289: these values of the intercept are very low, even more if considering that the thresholds are not thresholds but actually best-fit curves. Actually, the events are clustered IN 2010 and 2013.L232: Figure 7 is not very clear. These flaws affect considerably the results. Agreement NNX16AC86A, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Is ADS down? On the comparison of rainfall between the two timeframes (historical and recent). I suppose that you obtained several events with very short durations. Very often, it is not the event with the higher intensity that could be responsible for landslide initiation.L267-278: whereas the other associated events with modest to low intensity are considered non-triggering events. How can you have more triggering events that landslides in a period (e.g. Perhaps it would be better to calculate an index for justify this link, as e.g. How can you have a triggering event without a landslide (e.g. I don't see the need for adding the smoothing. The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative The derived insights would aid in the predictability of shallow-to-deep rain-induced landslide events and inform climate adaptations in steep-slope areas. Hazards Earth Syst. Contrarily, under the same EAR, the greater the slope disturbance, the more the area increment of secondary landslide. Please provide a reason why you see this comment as being abusive.You might include your name and email but you can also stay anonymous. However, this map is not clearly visible. Shouldnt there always be multiple overlapping events (for each gage) of which one (or more if there are more landslide at the same time) is triggering and the other not? In particular in a mountain environment where rainfall is affected by a high spatial variability (see e.g. endobj Is that realistic? 
probably some low events should be removed from the analysis before calculating the thresholds. Finally, the structure of the paper needs a revision. Why didnt they consider also non-triggering events in the definition (since they are available)? probably your data would need a postprocessing and analysis (allowing the elimination of very low values) before being use in threshold calculation.L281: 1.2mm very low.L282: is not the number of landslide events that decrease is the number of rainfall conditions associated (or not) to landslide initiation.L282-283: This implies landslides are triggered by short-duration high intensity rainfall. Moreover, it seems that the Authors do not know well the current literature on rainfall thresholds: this issue spoils the discussion of the results. 7 0 obj The gridded product, according to the reference provided, only covers 1965-2005, which does not overlap with the landslide database timeframe, how was it then useful? By multivariate hazards evaluation method, geology and the effective accumulative rainfall (EAR) are the most important factors. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> % Overall, the manuscript is a good attempt to study the critical conditions that lead to the initiation of landslides in a Himalayan region. xWMo67 please specifyL100-101: I would add some details on the landslide inventory. Katra station has very few data so I would not include it in the analyses, because it could affect too much negatively the comparison.L204: I'm not sure that you have described in the text how you have built this graph shown in Figure 4. That is different from both the most used applications: mean intensity-duration ID or total rainfall-duration ED threshold. The results of image classification before and after six heavy rainfall events show that the values of coefficient of agreement are at medium-high level. I think this is a great flaw of the article.L167: However, how many events were associated to each station? More details are provided to explain how the gridded and gage products are combined. The little map with the indication of the three Indian states could be removed as it is already shown in figure 1. In the following, I report a list of comments and suggestions that could be useful for addressing these issues and improving the quality of the work. The results of the analysis of this study can be a reference for the government for subsequent countermeasures for slope sediment disaster sensitive area to reduce the number of casualties and significantly reduce the social cost of post-disaster. The determination coefficients of trend lines on the charts of the average of EAR versus number and area of landslide increment are 0.83 and 0.92, respectively. E.g., Staley et al. This figure 7a is not very clear. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-243-supplement, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-243, Author(s) 2022. For ED, as duration increases, you need more overall rainfall, so ED have a positive exponent. 6 0 obj A legend and a description in the caption are needed. These are: Additionally, there are other aspects/issues that the authors should address: Finally, I have some minor/editing comments: Gariano, S.L., Melillo, M., Peruccacci, S. et al. Table 1. The derived insights would aid in developing early warning systems informing climate adaptation in Asian water towers. For an immediate understanding.L95: actually, only one station covers the period 1970-2017. for all the others, the measurement range starts from 1985. The pie chart (monsoon vs. non-monsoon) should be described also in the caption. Use, Smithsonian Now, for the landslide at day 50 you might identify a rainfall at day 35. 
<>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> Recently, due to the global climate change, most of the time the rainfall in Taiwan is of short duration but with high intensity. Overall, in my opinion, the work has some serious flaws both in the data and in the methodology. 2015) a landslide? Furthermore, the relation between the area increment of secondary landslide, average of EAR or the slope disturbance is positive. endobj It is very unclear to me how the triggering rainfall events were reconstructed and how they are linked to the landslides that are supposed to have triggered. how many landslides? for Mandi station.L259: sparse temporal coverage indeed, too few measurementsL263-264: again, this is highly questionable. For ID, mean intensity is expected to decrease with duration, capturing both strong-short events and long lasting, typically less intense, events. Landslides are one of the natural hazards that are most prominent in tectonically active regions, such as mountainous terrains of the Himalayas. I believe it is for the smaller subplot representing where the regions are within India, but they could easily be misunderstood for representative of the study area bigger subplot, leading the reader to overestimate by a lot the size of the domain. They define both individual thresholds for each region and then group similar regions together and more general thresholds for the 2 resulting groups. I would not make this general and strong statement.L284-285: It seems that you have not mentioned how many triggering events were associated to each station. As an example, the map with the indication of the three states within the Indian continent should be placed as an inset of the other map. The regionalization of the maximum intensity of triggering rain events versus the corresponding event duration shows that the tail of the triggering rain events tends to follow a power-law relationship with a robust positive exponent of more than one, suggesting synchronicity between two variables. While ~28 % of the landslides occur within a week of the occurrence of the triggering rainfall, we show power-law relations between rain events of maximum intensity versus event duration. Please read some papers dealing with threshold calculation and define proper thresholds. Are hourly records available? Which gage is chosen for those? So please avoid confusion. and to say that those rainfall events have triggered those landslides? How much does the rainfall temporal resolution affect rainfall thresholds for landslide triggering?. <>/XObject<>>>/Type/XObject/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 595 842]/Matrix[1 0 0 1 0 0]/FormType 1>>stream <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> The work is clear and well-presented. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 5 0 R>> The authors explore the use of intensity-duration thresholds in the Western Himalayan Region. There is not a clear distinction among method, results and discussion. Furthermore, lets say you have a landslide at day 40 and one at day 50. The quality of this figure could be improved. Staley, D.M., Kean, J.W., Cannon, S.H. 2007 or 2016 in panel a) or after (e.g. et al. Objective definition of rainfall intensityduration thresholds for the initiation of post-fire debris flows in southern California. If not, why are hourly intensity reported? I would remove the DEM in background. Figure 6 is related to landslides, while figure 7 is related to rainfall. Ci4?_q^>~H a5p
3t7>+0C!v 0.'pLeID/A$3%ULr]L_$tsJ!,O'[? Figure 6 is related to landslides, while figure 7 is related to rainfall. what information includes? We identified more than 500 landslide events between 2007 and 2016 based on the landslide inventory database, which suggests more than 70 % of landslide events are clustered during the southwest monsoon season. Most of the studies regarding relationships between rainfall and landslides - particularly rainfall thresholds - do not consider distance longer than 15-20 km. you could add this information in table 1, by adding e.g. The donut charts could be moved in figure 6 (perhaps in a new panel with the map with the landslide types). Slope, distance from fault, aspect, land disturbance, and elevation are the secondary important factors. 
8 0 obj The literature review is not complete. However, in the legend a "W" is missing.Figure 6. During this period, the study area experienced six heavy rainfall events including five typhoons and one heavy rainfall. I think the main flaws of the manuscript lie in: 1) the rainfall data, which are not complete and reliable, despite the efforts of the authors; 2) the method used for selecting landslide-triggering and non-triggering events, which is highly questionable and far from having a physical justification; 2) the method used for calculating the rainfall thresholds, which is particular and do not result in proper thresholds (the curves are best-fit curves); 4) the obtained results, which need some clarifications.
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